39,732 research outputs found

    Species richness and beta-diversity of aquatic macrophytes assemblages in three floodplain tropical lagoons: evaluating the effects of sampling size and depth gradients

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    Using aquatic macrophyte data gathered in three lagoons of the Paraná River floodplain we showed a strong effect of sample size on species richness. Incidence-based species richness estimators (Chao 2, jackknife 1, jackknife 2, incidence-based coverage estimator and bootstrap) were compared to evaluate their performance in estimating the species richness throughout transect sampling rnethod. Our results suggest that the best estimate of the species richness was gave by jackknife 2 estimator. Nevertheless, the transect sampling design was considered inappropriate to estimate aquatic macrophytes species richness. Depth gradient was not a good predictor of the species richness and species turnover (beta diversity). The dynamics of these environments, subject to high water-level fluctuation prevents the formation and permanence of a clear floristic depth-related gradient

    Benefícios das coberturas vegetais para melhorar a sustentabilidade do mamoeiro.

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    O solo em interação com o ambiente está sempre coberto com vegetação. As exceções são os desertos ou as interferências antrópicas em determinada área, no intervalo entre os cultivos. Nos estágios iniciais de sua formação o solo já está sendo coberto por líquens, algas e fungos em um processo de interação da flora e da fauna com os minerais, onde ambas as partes se beneficiam. A evolução milenar da formação de um solo será acompanhada por um sistema vegetal, também em evolução, cobrindo sua superfície. Quando bem desenvolvido, definido em profundidade, o solo estará coberto por uma vegetação pouco ou muito diversificada, mas extremamente adaptada àquela condição edafoclimática. A melhor cobertura - a que mais conserva o solo - é a vegetação nativa que se estabeleceu de forma espontânea como a Mata Atlântica, a Caatinga, o Cerrado, a Floresta Amazônica, o Pampa gaúcho etc. O solo sob essas plantas, que aí nasceram de forma competitiva e predominando sobre as demais, está protegido dos impactos diretos da chuva, do vento e da insolação, o que manterá suas características e capacidade de sustentar essas plantas durante longo tempo. Na medida em que se remove a vegetação nativa (desmatamento) para realizar os necessários cultivos agrícolas, tem início o processo mais lento ou mais rápido de degradação do solo.PDF. P4_3

    Torsion-Adding and Asymptotic Winding Number for Periodic Window Sequences

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    In parameter space of nonlinear dynamical systems, windows of periodic states are aligned following routes of period-adding configuring periodic window sequences. In state space of driven nonlinear oscillators, we determine the torsion associated with the periodic states and identify regions of uniform torsion in the window sequences. Moreover, we find that the measured of torsion differs by a constant between successive windows in periodic window sequences. We call this phenomenon as torsion-adding. Finally, combining the torsion and the period adding rules, we deduce a general rule to obtain the asymptotic winding number in the accumulation limit of such periodic window sequences

    Crystallization, data collection and data processing of maltose-binding protein (MalE) from the phytopathogen Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri

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    Maltose-binding protein is the periplasmic component of the ABC transporter responsible for the uptake of maltose/maltodextrins. The Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri maltose-binding protein MalE has been crystallized at 293 Kusing the hanging-drop vapour-diffusion method. The crystal belonged to the primitive hexagonal space group P6_122, with unit-cell parameters a = 123.59, b = 123.59, c = 304.20 Å, and contained two molecules in the asymetric unit. It diffracted to 2.24 Å resolution

    Cobertura do solo e estabilidade de agregados em Latossolo Amarelo dos Tabuleiros Costeiros no Nordeste do Brasil.

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    O trabalho foi realizado de março/2008 a julho/2010, na área da Embrapa Mandioca e Fruticultura, em Cruz das Almas (BA), a 12°40?19? de latitude Sul e 39°06?22? de longitude Oeste Gr., altitude de 220 metros, com médias anuais de pluviosidade com 1.200 mm, temperatura 24ºC e a umidade relativa do ar 80%. O levantamento dos solos da Embrapa Mandioca e Fruticultura permitiu identificar as classes de solos, declive das áreas e localização dos recursos hídricos. Localizaram-se áreas com declive maior que 12 %, próximas a açudes ou mananciais, que estavam com cobertura vegetal inadequada ou sem cobertura. A cobertura vegetal, a granulometria e a estabilidade da estrutura do solo são fatores fundamentais no controle da erosão. Com o objetivo de avaliar a influência da cobertura vegetal na estabilidade dos agregados do solo, foi avaliado um Latossolo Amarelo distrófico (LAd4), em uma área sob pastagem e em outra sob mata, ambas em uma encosta com declive de 8 % a 12 %, próximas as fontes que abastecem os laboratórios da Embrapa Mandioca e Fruticultura.PDF. 070

    Characterization in bi-parameter space of a non-ideal oscillator

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    The authors thank scientific agencies CAPES, CNPq (112952/2015-1), and FAPESP (2011/ 19269-11). M. S. Baptista also thanks EPSRC (EP/I03 2606/1).Peer reviewedPostprin

    Non-invasive brain stimulation techniques for chronic pain

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    Copyright © 2014 The Cochrane Collaboration.Various devices are available that can electrically stimulate the brain without the need for surgery or any invasive treatment in order to manage chronic pain. There are four main treatment types: repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in which the brain is stimulated by a coil applied to the scalp, cranial electrotherapy stimulation (CES) in which electrodes are clipped to the ears or applied to the scalp, transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and reduced impedance non-invasive cortical electrostimulation (RINCE) in which electrodes are applied to the scalp. These have been used to try to reduce pain by aiming to alter the activity of the brain, but the efficacy of these treatments is uncertain. This review update included 56 studies: 30 of rTMS, 11 of CES, 14 of tDCS and one of RINCE. We judged only three studies as having a low risk of bias. Low or very low-quality evidence suggests that low-frequency rTMS and rTMS applied to pre-frontal areas of the brain are not effective but that a single dose of high-frequency stimulation of the motor cortex area of the brain provides short-term pain relief. This effect appears to be small and may be exaggerated by a number of sources of bias. Studies that gave a course of multiple treatments of rTMS produced conflicting results with no overall effect seen when we pooled the results of these studies. Most studies of rTMS are small and there is substantial variation between studies in terms of the treatment methods used. Low-quality evidence does not suggest that CES or tDCS are effective treatments for chronic pain. A single small study of RINCE provided very low-quality evidence of a short-term effect on pain. For all forms of stimulation the evidence is not conclusive and uncertainty remains. The reporting of side effects varied across the studies. Of the studies that clearly reported side effects, short-lived and minor side effects such as headache, nausea and skin irritation were usually reported both after real and sham stimulation. There were two reports of seizure following real rTMS. While the broad conclusions for rTMS and CES have not changed substantially, the addition of this new evidence and the application of the GRADE system has modified some of our interpretation. Previous readers should re-read this update. More studies of rigorous design and adequate size are required to evaluate accurately all forms of non-invasive brain stimulation for the treatment of chronic pain

    Influência da adubação verde em aspectos físicos, químicos e biológicos do solo.

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    A fertilidade do solo pode ser definida como a capacidade deste de manter, de modo satisfatório, o desenvolvimento das plantas a médio e a longo prazo, disponibilizando água, ar e nutrientes na quantidade e no momento que as plantas necessitam (MARCOS, 1982). Isso é determinado por um conjunto de interações entre o sistema físico e químico e as atividades biológicas do solo, o que está diretamente ligado à matéria orgânica (MO), em função da sua importância na manutenção e melhoria da estrutura, dinâmica da água e aeração do solo. Constitui-se, ainda, de grande reserva de nutrientes
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